Preventing Ptsd During Military Personnel - 1371 Words

Preventing PTSD in military personnel Goals: I aim to research if it is possible to prevent or make it harder to obtain PTSD in military personnel through the creation of a new drug, or use of an existing one. Currently, the problem with using medications is that it merely blocks the amount of distress and sadness that is brought on by PTSD. I intend to use some form of medication that could be taken daily by soldiers that would prevent the acquisition of PTSD when a trauma occurs, instead of blocking the distress from PTSD like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) do. The medications I choose for my research is SSRIs and cortisol blockers for they are the two medications that I believe have the best chance to prevent PTSD in military personnel. Background: From September 2001 to January 2015, 2.7 million American troops were deployed overseas to fight in America’s wars (Hautzinger et al, 2015). These men and women of many different cultural and ethnic backgrounds have been exposed to a plethora of war traumas that can lead to mental health problems. Most people will recover with time; However, others can go on to develop chronic PTSD, which can have long lasting mental impacts on our soldiers. According to a general health questionnaire, an estimated 21-29% of those soldiers experience PTSD (Sloat, 2014), this is significant because only 7% of the general population gets PTSD sometime in their life (Nebraska, 2007). This is significant because the discrepancyShow MoreRelatedPreventing Ptsd And Depression And Reducing Health Care986 Words   |  4 Pages1. Vyas, K. J., Fesperman, S. F., Nebeker, B. J., Gerard, S. K., Boyd, N. D., Delaney, E. M., ... Johnston, S. L. (2016). Preventing PTSD and Depression and Reducing Health Care Costs in the Military: A Call for Building Resilience Among Service Members. Military Medicine, 181(10), 1240-1247. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-005. Retrieved from EBSCO; key words: Preventing PTSD Description: This case study presents data from a Post Deployment Health Assessment (PDHA) questionnaire that completed by SoldiersRead MoreThe Psychological Cost Of Children During The American Civil War Essay719 Words   |  3 Pagesal, 2007). In his book, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, he talks about non-firing rate. Non-firing rate is the percentage of soldiers who freeze up during combat, and do not fire their weapon. There has been documentation of non-firing rate dating back to 1863, during the American Civil War. There is even documentation to prove that both World War I and II soldiers displayed the same consistence in failing to fire their weapons; but why is this importantRead MoreA Research Study On Psychology947 Words   |  4 Pages4-5 Biology behind PTSD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Symptoms of PTSD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11-12 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 Introduction Since before documented history there have been always been war whether for religion or just for expansion of territory. As we know now wars come with many psychological disorders, the most common one being Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD for short. PTSD was officially addedRead MoreThe Psychological State of Peacekeeping Soldiers1351 Words   |  5 Pageswere frequently frustrated with their seemingly inactive role, and often thought they were less important than other units of operation (Mortensen, 1990). Historically, peacekeeping missions involved soldiers serving simply as impartial observers during the interrogation and enforcement of peace between previously warring parties (Moskos, C. C., Burke, J., 1994). However, the role of peacekeepers has changed greatly post-Cold War. The contemporary peacekeeper faces a more complex, multi-faced dutyRead MoreI Am Writing About The Bill s Mental Health Care Access Act1248 Words   |  5 Pageswomen who serve in our military. A ccording to American Psychiatric Association (2015), military men and women face unique challenges, including actively participating in war, being separated from their families and friends, and various other stressors that come with being deployed. These stresses can lead to anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and substance abuse following their return back home. Addition to mental health illnesses, military personnel during combat may also haveRead MorePrevention And Intervention Strategies For Vietnam Veterans1701 Words   |  7 Pagessuicide attempters (82%) had felt out of control as a result of excessive fear or rage during their tours of duty, including situations in which their anger led to their killing noncombatant civilians† (Hendin, 2014, p. 584). Prevention and Intervention Strategies Suicide among veterans is a national concern and suicide prevention is a priority for the VHA. In concern for the health and well-being of military service members and veterans, congress has mandated implementation of a comprehensive VHARead MoreEssay on Never Leave a Soldier Behind1059 Words   |  5 Pages Some gave all, all gave some. Millions of soldiers have deployed to the Middle East in the last ten years. For the ones that came back, life is often different after combat. Haunting dreams and memories, post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, and family changes leave the soldier desperately clinging to any hope they can get. When a soldier needs help, who is there to help them? The answer should be everyone, but is that the case? Some say the United States government and the services are notRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1901 Words   |  8 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), triggered by exposure to a traumatic event, is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent nightmares or flashbacks, avoiding reminders/recounting the event, distorted mental processes or emotional numbing, and a persistently high state of arousal and reactivity (Institute of Medicine , 2014). While this mental disorder does appear in society as a whole, its prevale nce in the U.S. military is cause for concern. Cited as the â€Å"most commonly identifiedRead More Constructions of Gender and the Treatment of PTSD within the U.S. Military3754 Words   |  16 PagesConstructions of Gender and the Treatment of PTSD within the U.S. Military The U.S. military shows a surprising sensitivity and openness to the emotional difficulties of being stationed abroad, especially in a conflict zone, and it is making great efforts towards preventing/easing depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among its members (although it varies by branch). Group therapy is made available at Veterans Administration hospitals and the Department of Veteran AffairsRead MoreEffects of Substance Abuse among the Ranks of US Army Soldiers2602 Words   |  10 Pagesamong the Ranks of U.S. Army Soldiers Introduction The New York Times reported recently that suicides are on track for becoming the most common cause of death for members of the military in 2012, higher than the number dying in combat (Williams, 2012). Although suicides have occurred in all branches of the U.S. military, the Army accounts for a full 53% of the total number (AFHSC, 2012a, p. 7). The stress of combat is believed to one of the primary contributing factors to the dramatic increase in

The Movie Freedom Writers - 1137 Words

Freedom writers is a film based in 1990’s southern California where racial sensitivity ran rampant. The film follows a true story of a teacher Erin Gruwell, a freshmen teacher in Woodrow Wilson high school Long Beach, California, where she has to deal with these tensions on a daily basis. As we learn from the movie the class is as keen on disrespecting each adding to the tension. Another issue she has to deal with is the lack of understand though out the class and a refusal to understand each other. After a fatal race based shooting, the class shows more insensitivity by passing around a racist drawing of a class member. This sparks Ms. Gruwell to start talking about how racial bias killed millions of people during world war two. Once the students heard of these actions they were affected in a profound way, causing them to become curious in how the actions of a few killed so many. Which then, made them think of how they will be remembered in the future after they are gone. I n this Essay I will be explaining how these events effect Eva, Marcus, and her fellow colleague Ms. Campbell, who never supported her endeavor. Eva Benitez, is a young Latin woman from long beach, California, who was forced into a gang life since a young age. As the story starts off, Eva shows that she cares little for people outside of her own race. This hatred stems from an interaction of a white police officer and her father who was arrested by him, for what is assumed to be gang violence. When sheShow MoreRelatedMovie Review : The Movie Freedom Writers 917 Words   |  4 Pagesevery good movie has at least one theme or message to relay. These can be positive or negative, meaningful or inconsequential. A movie with a powerful message is Freedom Writers. It focuses on the difficulties of a young Los Angeles school teacher. Ms. Gruwell is faced with the unfeasible task of bringing a racially diverse class together. In spite of adversity and bad attitudes, she heals wounds between cultures and teaches her kids how to be successful students and citizens. The movie Freedom WritersRead MoreFreedom Writers Movie Analysis1054 W ords   |  5 Pages The movie and the book called Freedom Writers talk mostly about the same story. They have similarities, but also have differences. The story talks about the cruel misfortunes in students lives everyday. It mentions how students are drug addicts, living in fear everyday, gangsters, get abused, and another things people go through. This story takes place in Los Angeles, Ca where Erin Gruwell is going to teach at Wilson High School. She is a new teacher at this school and ready to change these studentsRead MoreTechniques of the Movie Freedom Writers1372 Words   |  6 Pages‘Richard La Gravense’s’ movie ‘Freedom Writer’ is based on a true story of a teacher and one hundred and fifty students of Woodro Wilson High School. This story is taken by the Eva’s diary, a true story of a girl, who suffers a lot in her life because of the racial riot. In the movie all the students are affected by the gang violence and racial tension i n their life. This movie shows the effort of the teacher, who reconciles all the student in-spite of big racial wall. To erase the gap between theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Freedom Writers 1070 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction ‘Freedom Writers’ is an American film, directed by Richard Granvense and based on a true story, which is dedicated and idealistic teacher Erin Gruwell. Mrs Gruwell inspires and teaches her class of belligerent and aggressive students that there are a positivity and hope for a life outside rather than gang violence and death. This is because students were divided into groups based on race, believed that they had no future and convinced that they had nothing to learn from other racesRead MoreFreedom Writers Movie Review Essay707 Words   |  3 PagesMarch 2013 Replacing Buses with Notebooks: Freedom Writers worth Admission Price At first glance, Freedom Writers seems like an overdone clichà © and knowing that it was produced by MTV does not help. The film is about kind-hearted, strong-willed teacher who signs up to teach a class of hardened gang members, drug dealers, and the like. After watching Freedom Writers you realize that it was worth the $6 admission. The positive, uplifting messages andRead MoreThe Movie Freedom Writers : Erin Gruwell Essay850 Words   |  4 PagesSummary The movie Freedom Writers is about Erin Gruwell who is starting her first year as an English teacher at Woodrow Wilson High School. This school is racially divided with many gangs and violence erupting at any time. Ms. Gruwell was the students main subject of hate too. After having a discussion with her students about what they were feeling about their lives and situations, she took the responsibility of educating the students no matter what the cost was. She would eventually get throughRead MoreHistorical, Social and Political Issues in the Movie Freedom Writers998 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical, Social and Political Issues in the movie FREEDOM WRITERS The thorough presentation of a well researched context in the film provided the environment for priming the viewers on the concept of belonging which was highlighted in the film. This grounded the film and prepared the viewers on the film’s main focus. Through the brief but meaningful snippets of what happened during the trial of Rodney King, the viewers were introduced to the conflict used in the film that surfaced and distinctlyRead MoreMy Favorite Movie That I Have Chosen For This Report Is Called Freedom Writers862 Words   |  4 PagesMy favorite movie that I have chosen for this report is called Freedom Writers. This movie takes place in the year 1994 at a school in Long Beach, California where a school is racially divided. At this school, there is a dedicated woman with idealistic views called Mrs. Erin Gruwell that is starting her first teaching job as a freshman and sophomore English teacher. Her first class that she has is a class of â€Å"at-risk† student s deemed incapable of learning and/or obeying. Mrs. Gruwell has a roughRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Mudies Peom My Father Began as a God and the Movie Freedom Writers984 Words   |  4 Pagescomposer writes â€Å"strangest of all†. The underlying meaning of this phrase is that he never expected to see any similarities between him and his father. ‘My Father Began as a God’ shares a few things in common with ‘Freedom Writers’, a movie directed by Richard LaGravenese. In ‘Freedom Writers’, Eva Benitez, the main character, was raised by a father who believed that white people marginalised the other ethnic groups. This led her to â€Å"hate white people on sight†. However, Erin Gruwell, their new teacherRead MoreEmotional, Educational, Extreme, Exciting : The Freedom Writers971 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional, educational, extreme, exciting: The Freedom Writers. This movie is packed with tons of elements that keep the viewer interested and intrigued; best of all, it is based on a true story. Every movie has a message that the writers are trying to portray to the viewers. Whether the message is love, justice, sacrifice, escape, etc., each movie is encrypted with actions and words that help explain the message in detail. The Freedom Writers is an excellent film that makes the viewer an alyze the

Deception Point Page 89 Free Essays

Gabrielle knew Sexton was eagerly awaiting her arrival for a complete rundown on the PODS situation. Unfortunately, she also now realized that Sexton had deftly manipulated her tonight. Gabrielle Ashe did not like being managed. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Point Page 89 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The senator had kept things from her tonight. The question was how much. The answers, she knew, lay inside his office-just on the other side of this restroom wall. â€Å"Five minutes,† Gabrielle said aloud, mustering her resolve. Moving toward the bathroom’s supply closet, she reached up and ran a hand over the door frame. A key clattered to the floor. The cleaning crews at Philip A. Hart were federal employees and seemed to evaporate every time there was a strike of any sort, leaving this bathroom without toilet paper and tampons for weeks at a time. The women of Sexton’s office, tired of being caught with their pants down, had taken matters into their own hands and secured a supply room key for â€Å"emergencies.† Tonight qualifies, she thought. She opened the closet. The interior was cramped, packed with cleansers, mops, and shelves of paper supplies. A month ago, Gabrielle had been searching for paper towels when she’d made an unusual discovery. Unable to reach the paper off the top shelf, she’d used the end of a broom to coax a roll to fall. In the process, she’d knocked out a ceiling tile. When she climbed up to replace the tile, she was surprised to hear Senator Sexton’s voice. Crystal clear. From the echo, she realized the senator was talking to himself while in his office’s private bathroom, which apparently was separated from this supply closet by nothing more than removable, fiberboard ceiling tiles. Now, back in the closet tonight for far more than toilet paper, Gabrielle kicked off her shoes, climbed up the shelves, popped out the fiberboard ceiling tile, and pulled herself up. So much for national security, she thought, wondering how many state and federal laws she was about to break. Lowering herself through the ceiling of Sexton’s private restroom, Gabrielle placed her stockinged feet on his cold, porcelain sink and then dropped to the floor. Holding her breath, she exited into Sexton’s private office. His oriental carpets felt soft and warm. 107 Thirty miles away, a black Kiowa gunship chopper tore over the scrub pine treetops of northern Delaware. Delta-One checked the coordinates locked in the auto navigation system. Although Rachel’s shipboard transmission device and Pickering’s cellphone were encrypted to protect the contents of their communication, intercepting content had not been the goal when the Delta Force pulse-snitched Rachel’s call from sea. Intercepting the caller’s position had been the goal. Global Positioning Systems and computerized triangulation made pinpointing transmission coordinates a significantly easier task than decrypting the actual content of the call. Delta-One was always amused to think that most cellphone users had no idea that every time they made a call, a government listening post, if so inclined, could detect their position to within ten feet anywhere on earth-a small hitch the cellphone companies failed to advertise. Tonight, once the Delta Force had gained access to the reception frequencies of William Pickering’s cellular phone, they could easily trace the coordinates of his incoming calls. Flying now on a direct course toward their target, Delta-One closed to within twenty miles. â€Å"Umbrella primed?† he asked, turning to Delta-Two, who was manning the radar and weapons system. â€Å"Affirmative. Awaiting five-mile range.† Five miles, Delta-One thought. He had to fly this bird well within his target’s radar scopes to get within range to use the Kiowa’s weapons systems. He had little doubt that someone onboard the Goya was nervously watching the skies, and because the Delta Force’s current task was to eliminate the target without giving them a chance to radio for help, Delta-One now had to advance on his prey without alarming them. At fifteen miles out, still safely out of radar range, Delta-One abruptly turned the Kiowa thirty-five degrees off course to the west. He climbed to three thousand feet-small airplane range-and adjusted his speed to 110 knots. On the deck of the Goya, the Coast Guard helicopter’s radar scope beeped once as a new contact entered the ten-mile perimeter. The pilot sat up, studying the screen. The contact appeared to be a small cargo plane headed west up the coast. Probably for Newark. Although this plane’s current trajectory would bring it within four miles of the Goya, the flight path obviously was a matter of chance. Nonetheless, being vigilant, the Coast Guard pilot watched the blinking dot trace a slow-moving 110-knot line across the right side of his scope. At its closest point, the plane was about four miles west. As expected, the plane kept moving-heading away from them now. 4.1 miles. 4.2 miles. The pilot exhaled, relaxing. And then the strangest thing happened. â€Å"Umbrella now engaged,† Delta-Two called out, giving the thumbs-up from his weapons control seat on the port side of the Kiowa gunship. â€Å"Barrage, modulated noise, and cover pulse are all activated and locked.† Delta-One took his cue and banked hard to the right, putting the craft on a direct course with the Goya. This maneuver would be invisible to the ship’s radar. â€Å"Sure beats bales of tinfoil!† Delta-Two called out. Delta-One agreed. Radar jamming had been invented in WWII when a savvy British airman began throwing bales of hay wrapped in tinfoil out of his plane while on bombing runs. The Germans’ radar spotted so many reflective contacts they had no idea what to shoot. The techniques had been improved on substantially since then. The Kiowa’s onboard â€Å"umbrella† radar-jamming system was one of the military’s most deadly electronic combat weapons. By broadcasting an umbrella of background noise into the atmosphere above a given set of surface coordinates, the Kiowa could erase the eyes, ears, and voice of their target. Moments ago, all radar screens aboard the Goya had most certainly gone blank. By the time the crew realized they needed to call for help, they would be unable to transmit. On a ship, all communications were radio-or microwave-based-no solid phone lines. If the Kiowa got close enough, all of the Goya’s communications systems would stop functioning, their carrier signals blotted out by the invisible cloud of thermal noise broadcast in front of the Kiowa like a blinding headlight. Perfect isolation, Delta-One thought. They have no defenses. Their targets had made a fortunate and cunning escape from the Milne Ice Shelf, but it would not be repeated. In choosing to leave shore, Rachel Sexton and Michael Tolland had chosen poorly. It would be the last bad decision they ever made. Inside the White House, Zach Herney felt dazed as he sat up in bed holding the telephone receiver. â€Å"Now? Ekstrom wants to speak to me now?† Herney squinted again at the bedside clock. 3:17 A.M. â€Å"Yes, Mr. President,† the communications officer said. â€Å"He says it’s an emergency.† 108 While Corky and Xavia huddled over the electron microprobe measuring the zirconium content in the chondrules, Rachel followed Tolland across the lab into an adjoining room. Here Tolland turned on another computer. Apparently the oceanographer had one more thing he wanted to check. As the computer powered up, Tolland turned to Rachel, his mouth poised as if he wanted to say something. He paused. â€Å"What is it?† Rachel asked, surprised how physically drawn to him she felt, even in the midst of all this chaos. She wished she could block it all out and be with him-just for a minute. â€Å"I owe you an apology,† Tolland said, looking remorseful. â€Å"For what?† â€Å"On the deck? The hammerheads? I was excited. Sometimes I forget how frightening the ocean can be to a lot of people.† How to cite Deception Point Page 89, Essay examples

Malice in Law of Torts free essay sample

There can be little doubt that this complaint was justified. Despite the well-known division and discussion by Bayley J. of â€Å" malice in fact † and â€Å" malice in law,† ’ which can be taken as the starting point of modern analysis of malice, other judges have not hesitated to enlarge upon the possible meanings of malice, until it seems that there must be judicial authority for any or almost any meaning that a writer wishes to attribute to the word. However, these various interpretations can be grouped under four main headings: (1) spite or ill-will; (2) any improper motive; (8) the intent to do a wrongful act; (4) the intent to inflict injury without just cause or excuse. It is quite clear that in this sense the word is being used colloquially, not as a term of art. â€Å"Malice in common acceptance,† said Parker C. J. in 1718’ â€Å"is a desire of revenge or settled anger against a particular person. We will write a custom essay sample on Malice in Law of Torts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † A hundred years later, in a famous passage in Bromage v. Prosser, Bayley J. called this ‘‘ malice in fact † and said it meant â€Å"ill-will against a person. The effect of later authorities was summed up by McCardie J. ’s expression â€Å" vindictive feeling. † When used in this sense, therefore, malice involved the desire to satisfy a personal grudge and thereby to benefit the person who acted from malice. But the older idea of vengeance, which as just seen involved at least emotional benefit to the malicious person, tended in the latter part of the nineteenth century to become absorbed in a broader notion of any motive which was regarded as undesirable by the courts of approval and encouragement. As a result, â€Å"malice † came to mean any improper motive. This is the description of malice as the intent to inflict injury without just cause or excuse. Parker C. J. in Jones v. Givin said nothing about intention, but did say that malice as a term of law always excluded a just cause. It was Bayley J. 17 who introduced the notion of intention when he called malice in law â€Å" a wrongful act done intentionally without just cause or excuse,† a phrase which as we shall see bristles with problems. But the language of Bayley J. was repeated or echoed throughout the nineteenth century la and still seems to be favoured by the courts. Thus in Re N o h in 1858 malice was described as â€Å" where a party in full possession of his faculties . . . chooses to commit injuries upon another without reasonable cause. † The use of the word â€Å"reasonable† is an interesting variant, although sometimes it has been said that malice and lack of reasonable cause are the same thing. But this must be a proposition of doubtful validity, at least in respect of the tort of malicious prosecution if nowhere else, though it can be said that lack of reasonable cause for a prosecution may well evidence malice. However the statement in Re Nolan illustrates how flexible the idea of malice in law became after Bayley J. However, his words were not forgotten, nor were those of Parker C. J. Collins M. R. in Read’s casea0 said that the action of the defendant in inducing a breach of contract by a combination to coerce X into dismissing the plaintiff because he was not a member of the defendant’s society was malicious or, he went on, â€Å" if the phrase be preferred ‘ without just cause or excuse ). † Later in his judgment he talked of â€Å"what might in given circumstances be ‘ just cause’ or in other words sutiice to negate malice. More recently, in Jones v. Motor Surveys Ltd. ,’l Roxburgh J. referred to malice as the â€Å"wilful and intentional doing of damage without just cause or excuse †; , and in 1955 the Court of Appeal 22 quoted with approval the words of Bayley J. and went on to say that ‘‘ intentionally † in Bayley J. ’s definition referred to the doing of the act; it did not mean that the defendant meant to be spiteful, though sometimes, as for instance to rebut a plea of privilege in defamation, malice in fact had to be proved.