The Etymology of Words and Their Histories

The Etymology of Words and Their Histories The derivation of a word alludes to its starting point and authentic turn of events: that is, its soonest known use, its transmission starting with one language then onto the next, and its adjustments in structure and importance. Historical underpinnings is likewise the term for the part of phonetics that reviews word narratives. Whats the Difference Between a Definition and an Etymology? A definition mentions to us what a word means and how its utilized voluntarily. A historical underpinnings reveals to us where a word originated from (regularly, yet not generally, from another dialect) and what it used to mean. For instance, as indicated by The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, the meaning of the word calamity is an event causing boundless decimation and pain; a disaster or a grave incident. Be that as it may, the derivation of the word calamity returns us to when individuals generally accused extraordinary disasters for the impact of the stars. Catastrophe initially showed up in English in the late sixteenth century, in the nick of time for Shakespeare to utilize the word in the play King Lear. It showed up by method of the Old Italian word disastro, which implied negative to ones stars. This more established, mysterious feeling of catastrophe gets more obvious when we study its Latin root word, astrum, which likewise shows up in our cutting edge star word stargazing. With the negative Latin prefix dis-(separated) added to astrum (star), the word (in Latin, Old Italian, and Middle French) passed on the possibility that a calamity could be followed to the detestable impact of a star or planet (a definition that the word reference lets us know is currently outdated). Is the Etymology of a Word Its True Definition? Not in any way, however individuals some of the time attempt to make this contention. The word historical underpinnings is gotten from the Greek word etymon, which implies the genuine feeling of a word. Be that as it may, in actuality the first importance of a word is regularly not quite the same as its contemporary definition. The implications of numerous words have changed after some time, and more established faculties of a word may become phenomenal or vanish altogether from ordinary use. Catastrophe, for example, no longer methods the malicious impact of a star or planet, similarly as think about no longer way to watch the stars. Lets take a gander at another model. Our English word pay is characterized by The American Heritage Dictionaryâ as fixed remuneration for administrations, paid to an individual all the time. Its historical background can be followed back 2,000 years to sal, the Latin word for salt. So whats the association among salt and compensation? The Roman history specialist Pliny the Elder discloses to us that in Rome, an officer was paid in salt, which in those days was generally utilized as a food additive. In the long run, this salarium came to imply a payment paid in any structure, typically cash. Indeed, even today the articulation deserving at least moderate respect shows that youre trying sincerely and procuring your pay. Notwithstanding, this doesnt imply that salt is the genuine meaning of pay. Where Do Words Come From? New words have entered (and keep on entering) the English language from multiple points of view. Here are the absolute most basic strategies. BorrowingThe dominant part of the words utilized in present day English have been acquired from different dialects. Albeit the greater part of our jargon originates from Latin and Greek (regularly by method of other European dialects), English has acquired words from in excess of 300 distinct dialects around the globe. Here are only a couple examples:futon (from the Japanese word for bedclothes, bedding)gorilla (Greek Gorillai, a clan of bushy ladies, maybe of African origin)hamster (Middle High German hamastra)kangaroo (Aboriginal language of Guugu Yimidhirr, gangurru , alluding to a types of kangaroo)kink (Dutch, bend in a rope)moccasin (Native American Indian, Virginia Algonquian, similar to Powhatan mksn and Ojibwa makisin)molasses (Portuguese melaã §os, from Late Latin mellceum, from Latin mel, honey)muscle (Latin musculus, mouse)slogan (adjustment of Scots slogorne, fight cry)smorgasbord (Swedish, actually bread and butter table)whiskey (Old Irish uisce, water, and bethad, of life)Clipping or ShorteningSome new words are basically abbreviated types of existing words, for example outside the box from autonomous; test from assessment; influenza from flu, and fax from copy. CompoundingA new word may likewise be made by consolidating at least two existing words: fire motor, for instance, and babysitter.BlendsA mix, additionally called a portmanteau word,â is a word framed by blending the sounds and implications of at least two different words. Models incorporate sulked, from mo(tor) ped(al), and early lunch, from br(eakfast) (l)unch.Conversion or Functional ShiftNew words are frequently framed by changing a current word starting with one grammatical form then onto the next. For instance, developments in innovation have empowered the change of the things organize, Google, andâ microwaveâ into verbs.Transfer of Proper NounsSometimes the names of individuals, spots, and things become summed up jargon words. For example, the thing dissident was gotten from the name of an American cattleman, Samuel Augustus Maverick. The saxophone was named after Sax, the last name of a nineteenth century Belgian family that made melodic instruments.Neologisms or Creative CoinagesNow and afterward, new items or procedures move the production of altogether new words. Such neologisms are normally fleeting, never at any point making it into a word reference. By and by, some have suffered, for instance quark (authored by writer James Joyce), galumph (Lewis Carroll), anti-inflamatory medicine (initially a trademark), grok (Robert A. Heinlein). Impersonation of SoundsWords are likewise made by likeness in sound, naming things by copying the sounds that are related with them: boo, bow-stunning, tinkle, click. For what reason Should We Care About Word Histories? In the event that a words derivation isn't equivalent to its definition, for what reason would it be a good idea for us to think at all about word chronicles? All things considered, for a certain something, seeing how words have created can show us a lot about our social history. What's more, contemplating the chronicles of recognizable words can assist us with reasoning the implications of new words, accordingly improving our vocabularies. At long last, word stories are frequently both engaging and intriguing. To put it plainly, as any adolescent can let you know, words are enjoyable.

Pricing Decisions Problems

Portray a skimming cost and an infiltration value Skimming and entrance estimating are two methodologies for the formation of better benefits. These procedures are utilized by the organizations discharging new items and requiring advancement of the showing up merchandise. Infiltration valuing depends on the contribution of lower costs for the new items so as to pull in purchasers and make client base.Advertising We will compose a custom coursework test on Pricing Decisions Problems explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The primary hindrance of entrance cost is that its slow development after some time may prompt the loss of clients. Skimming evaluating is a technique comprising of three stages. Each stage has diverse item value, the main cost is the most elevated and afterward it bit by bit goes down. This system is appropriate for notable brands and depends on the pursuit after in vogue items. On the off chance that the brand isn't sufficiently grown, this system wi ll fail. Alba and Gavigan are a superstar couple, so their item would be the focal point of customers’ consideration immediately, despite the fact that skimming cost may not work on the grounds that the item isn't a design property, it is about the wellbeing and government assistance of children, so the clients would be centered around picking brands they trust over the ones that are stylish. Offering an infiltration cost and afterward bit by bit raising it might divert a few clients, yet since the item truly is of acceptable quality, this danger can be dodged if The Honest Company figures out how to win numerous faithful customers. Thusly, the couple is prescribed to go with the entrance value; this will make notoriety and help win the trust of clients. Remember that the cost ought not be low, however available; something else, the clients may begin to question the nature of products. Since Alba and Gavigan are situated at the making of legit business and keeping up long haul benefits, entrance cost is the best approach. The VIP status of the entrepreneurs will fill in as a generally excellent advancement apparatus for The Honest Company. Along these lines, the organization ought to expect high deals immediately, and after the clients begin to value the items, devotion creating procedures can be applied to keep and even expand the size of The Honest Company’s client base. Moreover, this procedure fits into the organization picture foreseen by Alba and Gavigan. Their business gives great quality every single common item for babies at a reasonable cost. This system will make sure about their business from losing customers in the long term. Finally, to continue expanding their benefits after some time, the entrepreneurs may begin to build the cost for their products progressively. Infant food and cleanliness showcase is where the clients care about the nature of the items the most.Advertising Looking for coursework on business financial aspec ts? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is the reason once an organization wins a notoriety of a reasonable and solid business their client base size will turn out to be consistent or even win more purchasers prepared to follow through on greater expense for better quality items. What cost would you offer on the off chance that you should win the venture? As the proprietor of a little structure organization ready to offer on an administration contract for the structure of a passerby walkway in a national park during the coming winter and contending with three different bidders I have made a few figurings. Above all else, I attempted to appraise the inexact most minimal offering obstruction for every one of the bidders dependent on my rival insight; along these lines, the principal bidder has the least offering cost of $397980, as their steady expenses surpass those of my organization by 10%, the second bidder’s most mi nimal offering cost would be $435200, and the third bidder’s hindrance is $484000, the most reduced offering cost of my organization is $428800, yet since my ability use is moderate, the organization would not relegate the most minimal value conceivable and neither would my first and second contenders. The principal bidder has the most noteworthy limit use rate, so they are probably going to offer the most elevated sum conceivable, which is for them roughly $442200 (gradual expense in addition to half), thusly to win the undertaking my organization needs to offer higher than $428800 and lower than $442200. The contrast between the offer of my organization and the main bidder must be critical in light of the fact that the primary leader is the buyer’s relative, so my last offering cost would gauge $435000. Since it is an administration contract that accept no additional costs, the purchaser is probably going to have extremely generally safe resilience and $7200 distinct ion would be sufficient to break the family ties. To amplify my normal incentive from the commitment to this venture I would allot a more significant expense of $455600 (gradual expenses in addition to 70%) on the grounds that my ability usage is moderate. With this value I would at present have a decent opportunity to win the task in light of the fact that the primary bidder is a little and wasteful plant and they don't care for winter contracts. The bidder number three is somewhat costly, additionally, the chief there is searching for an advancement and plain government contract is not really a route towards that for an inventive contender from an enormous and effective plant. At last, the subsequent bidder appears to have indistinguishable costs from my organization, yet they don't acknowledge muddled and badly arranged employments and their chief is searching for a new position, which fills in as a solid de-propelling variable concerning the achievement of winning this project.A dvertising We will compose a custom coursework test on Pricing Decisions Problems explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This coursework on Pricing Decisions Problems was composed and put together by client Grace Stevens to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

11 Audiobooks to Help You Lose Your Audio Virginity

11 Audiobooks to Help You Lose Your Audio Virginity The Audiophiles  is  a regular column in which contributors Rachel S. and Cassandra chat about the latest and greatest audiobooks on their radars. RSH: Cassandra, now that our dirty little audiobook secret is getting out (i.e. we like audiobooks), audio-curious readers have been coming out of the woodwork in droves. Do you know what that means? CN: I need to have more membership cards printed! Or, maybe, that we should take some time to tell them about the very best books to get started with.  We’ve already dished on our first times. It only makes sense that we help to make their first times as memorable as possible. RSH: Ding! Cue Marvin Gaye’s Let’s Get It On. For the brainy set, I can’t think of a better way to pop your audiobook cherry than with Sarah Vowell, so Assassination Vacation is my first pick. I go weak in the knees for non-fiction, humor, and first-person narrative, making Sarah a triple threat and me the cheapest audiobook date ever. You have to love that Assassination Vacation is about her own road-trip-cum-pilgrimage of presidential assassinations, interspersed with smart-alecky anecdotes about a) the free-love, cultish origins of the Oneida silverware company, and b) Stephen Sondheim’s Assassins musical with its heart-wrenching ballads about the woes of being a presidential murderer. Assassination Vacation is just such a great story, which is the key to a great audiobook, and Sarah’s awesome deadpan voice skyrockets her wry, witty writing to the next level.  Oh, and did I mention that the audio features cameos by Conan O’Brien, Stephen King, Dave Eggers, Catherine K eener, Jon Stewart, Daniel Handler, and David Rakoff? Mmmhmm. Yeah. CN: I just cannot do nonfiction, in print or in audio. No matter how fascinating it is. Just. Can’t. Do. It. I think an excellent place to start in the world of fiction is with a good mystery or fantasy. They tend to be on the shorter side, and they don’t require the same intense level of concentration necessary for something like, say, BLEAK HOUSE. A great beginner’s book would be John Scalzi’s Red Shirts. It’s short, hilarious, and narrated by the amazing Wil Wheaton. It’s a riff on the Star Trek universe, where the poor extra in the red shirt is always the one that doesn’t survive the away mission. Except, this time, those extras have figured it out and will do anything to survive. Or there’s Neil Gaiman’s The Graveyard Book, which is very sweet, somewhat scary, and narrated by the author himself (it’s not a secret that I am a HUGE Gaimanite). It was inspired by Kipling’s classic The Jungle Book, except that the boy lives in a graveyard and is raised by ghost s. What’s your pick for a short, sweet, and satisfying fictional listen? RSH: Haha, I’ll go on a date with fiction if you give nonfiction another chance! Deal? My fiction choice for the audiobook virgin goes to Naked by David Sedaris. Because, let’s be real, David would be the first to admit that at least half of his stories are totally made up, and I love him for it. When first trying out audio, I say go for the greatest hits, and on this front Naked delivers. Who doesnt like America’s most beloved comic essayist? Naked is packed with snarky stories about David’s martini swilling mother, awkward trips to nude beaches, and the sting of first adolescent love, all narrated in his distinctively NPRish voice. I especially love this on audio because his sister Amy performs all the female roles: crabby elementary school teachers, Greek grandmothers, suburban housewives, you name it. Even though you might find Naked on the nonfiction shelves at your library, it totally reads like a novel. I promise. And best yet for the audiobook newbie, its an easy, bre ezy three hours. What other picks do you have up your sleeve to deflower the audio-curious? CN:  I see how you avoided giving me a straight answer. I’ll consider giving non-fiction a chance, if you’ll hold up your end of the bargain and listen to fiction. If you’re looking for a kick-ass female narrator, then other good, short starter books include B.A. Shapiro’s  The Art Forger, read by Xe Sands, and Sara Henry’s  Learning to Swim, narrated by Suzanne Toren. Both are mysteries, but there’s nothing too cozy about them. They have a lot of depth, and so do the performances given by those narrators.  So good! For a longer title, and one with a sci-fi edge, I’d go with Daniel O’Malley’s  The Rook, narrated by Susan Duerden.  It is highly engaging, and probably the best audiobook I listened to last year. I am eagerly awaiting the sequel, and if the audio is not released on the same day, I will save myself until it is. I can’t imagine having it any other way! RSH: Kick-ass female narrator? You know me too well. And I was wondering if you would call me out on my fiction pick. OK, OK, here’s a real one for you. It’s not really my favorite, but I’m way in the minority here, so it definitely deserves a spot on our list. If political thrillers and post-apocalyptic horror are more your style, Max Brooks  World War Z might just be your perfect audio aphrodisiac. It’s a multicultural oral history complete with bio-warfare, cannibalism, and a 40 member all-star audio cast that includes Alan Alda, Martin Scorsese, and John Turturro. People are just nuts for it.  My last sure bets for fabulous first-time audiobook listens would have to be Tina Fey’s Bossypants (read by herself), Douglas Adams The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy  (from BBC Radio), and J.K. Rowlings  Harry Potter read by Jim Dale. 11 audiobooks for 11 different bookish proclivities I think that’s a wrap! Be safe and have fun out there, kids. You’re in good hands. Bom chicka wah wah ________________________ Sign up for our newsletter  to have the best of Book Riot delivered straight to your inbox every two weeks. No spam. We promise. To keep up with Book Riot on a daily basis,  follow us on Twitter,  like us  on Facebook,  and subscribe to the Book Riot podcast in  iTunes  or via  RSS.  So much bookish goodnessâ€"all day, every day. Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Preventing Ptsd During Military Personnel - 1371 Words

Preventing PTSD in military personnel Goals: I aim to research if it is possible to prevent or make it harder to obtain PTSD in military personnel through the creation of a new drug, or use of an existing one. Currently, the problem with using medications is that it merely blocks the amount of distress and sadness that is brought on by PTSD. I intend to use some form of medication that could be taken daily by soldiers that would prevent the acquisition of PTSD when a trauma occurs, instead of blocking the distress from PTSD like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) do. The medications I choose for my research is SSRIs and cortisol blockers for they are the two medications that I believe have the best chance to prevent PTSD in military personnel. Background: From September 2001 to January 2015, 2.7 million American troops were deployed overseas to fight in America’s wars (Hautzinger et al, 2015). These men and women of many different cultural and ethnic backgrounds have been exposed to a plethora of war traumas that can lead to mental health problems. Most people will recover with time; However, others can go on to develop chronic PTSD, which can have long lasting mental impacts on our soldiers. According to a general health questionnaire, an estimated 21-29% of those soldiers experience PTSD (Sloat, 2014), this is significant because only 7% of the general population gets PTSD sometime in their life (Nebraska, 2007). This is significant because the discrepancyShow MoreRelatedPreventing Ptsd And Depression And Reducing Health Care986 Words   |  4 Pages1. Vyas, K. J., Fesperman, S. F., Nebeker, B. J., Gerard, S. K., Boyd, N. D., Delaney, E. M., ... Johnston, S. L. (2016). Preventing PTSD and Depression and Reducing Health Care Costs in the Military: A Call for Building Resilience Among Service Members. Military Medicine, 181(10), 1240-1247. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-005. Retrieved from EBSCO; key words: Preventing PTSD Description: This case study presents data from a Post Deployment Health Assessment (PDHA) questionnaire that completed by SoldiersRead MoreThe Psychological Cost Of Children During The American Civil War Essay719 Words   |  3 Pagesal, 2007). In his book, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, he talks about non-firing rate. Non-firing rate is the percentage of soldiers who freeze up during combat, and do not fire their weapon. There has been documentation of non-firing rate dating back to 1863, during the American Civil War. There is even documentation to prove that both World War I and II soldiers displayed the same consistence in failing to fire their weapons; but why is this importantRead MoreA Research Study On Psychology947 Words   |  4 Pages4-5 Biology behind PTSD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Symptoms of PTSD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11-12 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 Introduction Since before documented history there have been always been war whether for religion or just for expansion of territory. As we know now wars come with many psychological disorders, the most common one being Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD for short. PTSD was officially addedRead MoreThe Psychological State of Peacekeeping Soldiers1351 Words   |  5 Pageswere frequently frustrated with their seemingly inactive role, and often thought they were less important than other units of operation (Mortensen, 1990). Historically, peacekeeping missions involved soldiers serving simply as impartial observers during the interrogation and enforcement of peace between previously warring parties (Moskos, C. C., Burke, J., 1994). However, the role of peacekeepers has changed greatly post-Cold War. The contemporary peacekeeper faces a more complex, multi-faced dutyRead MoreI Am Writing About The Bill s Mental Health Care Access Act1248 Words   |  5 Pageswomen who serve in our military. A ccording to American Psychiatric Association (2015), military men and women face unique challenges, including actively participating in war, being separated from their families and friends, and various other stressors that come with being deployed. These stresses can lead to anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and substance abuse following their return back home. Addition to mental health illnesses, military personnel during combat may also haveRead MorePrevention And Intervention Strategies For Vietnam Veterans1701 Words   |  7 Pagessuicide attempters (82%) had felt out of control as a result of excessive fear or rage during their tours of duty, including situations in which their anger led to their killing noncombatant civilians† (Hendin, 2014, p. 584). Prevention and Intervention Strategies Suicide among veterans is a national concern and suicide prevention is a priority for the VHA. In concern for the health and well-being of military service members and veterans, congress has mandated implementation of a comprehensive VHARead MoreEssay on Never Leave a Soldier Behind1059 Words   |  5 Pages Some gave all, all gave some. Millions of soldiers have deployed to the Middle East in the last ten years. For the ones that came back, life is often different after combat. Haunting dreams and memories, post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, and family changes leave the soldier desperately clinging to any hope they can get. When a soldier needs help, who is there to help them? The answer should be everyone, but is that the case? Some say the United States government and the services are notRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1901 Words   |  8 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), triggered by exposure to a traumatic event, is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent nightmares or flashbacks, avoiding reminders/recounting the event, distorted mental processes or emotional numbing, and a persistently high state of arousal and reactivity (Institute of Medicine , 2014). While this mental disorder does appear in society as a whole, its prevale nce in the U.S. military is cause for concern. Cited as the â€Å"most commonly identifiedRead More Constructions of Gender and the Treatment of PTSD within the U.S. Military3754 Words   |  16 PagesConstructions of Gender and the Treatment of PTSD within the U.S. Military The U.S. military shows a surprising sensitivity and openness to the emotional difficulties of being stationed abroad, especially in a conflict zone, and it is making great efforts towards preventing/easing depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among its members (although it varies by branch). Group therapy is made available at Veterans Administration hospitals and the Department of Veteran AffairsRead MoreEffects of Substance Abuse among the Ranks of US Army Soldiers2602 Words   |  10 Pagesamong the Ranks of U.S. Army Soldiers Introduction The New York Times reported recently that suicides are on track for becoming the most common cause of death for members of the military in 2012, higher than the number dying in combat (Williams, 2012). Although suicides have occurred in all branches of the U.S. military, the Army accounts for a full 53% of the total number (AFHSC, 2012a, p. 7). The stress of combat is believed to one of the primary contributing factors to the dramatic increase in

The Movie Freedom Writers - 1137 Words

Freedom writers is a film based in 1990’s southern California where racial sensitivity ran rampant. The film follows a true story of a teacher Erin Gruwell, a freshmen teacher in Woodrow Wilson high school Long Beach, California, where she has to deal with these tensions on a daily basis. As we learn from the movie the class is as keen on disrespecting each adding to the tension. Another issue she has to deal with is the lack of understand though out the class and a refusal to understand each other. After a fatal race based shooting, the class shows more insensitivity by passing around a racist drawing of a class member. This sparks Ms. Gruwell to start talking about how racial bias killed millions of people during world war two. Once the students heard of these actions they were affected in a profound way, causing them to become curious in how the actions of a few killed so many. Which then, made them think of how they will be remembered in the future after they are gone. I n this Essay I will be explaining how these events effect Eva, Marcus, and her fellow colleague Ms. Campbell, who never supported her endeavor. Eva Benitez, is a young Latin woman from long beach, California, who was forced into a gang life since a young age. As the story starts off, Eva shows that she cares little for people outside of her own race. This hatred stems from an interaction of a white police officer and her father who was arrested by him, for what is assumed to be gang violence. When sheShow MoreRelatedMovie Review : The Movie Freedom Writers 917 Words   |  4 Pagesevery good movie has at least one theme or message to relay. These can be positive or negative, meaningful or inconsequential. A movie with a powerful message is Freedom Writers. It focuses on the difficulties of a young Los Angeles school teacher. Ms. Gruwell is faced with the unfeasible task of bringing a racially diverse class together. In spite of adversity and bad attitudes, she heals wounds between cultures and teaches her kids how to be successful students and citizens. The movie Freedom WritersRead MoreFreedom Writers Movie Analysis1054 W ords   |  5 Pages The movie and the book called Freedom Writers talk mostly about the same story. They have similarities, but also have differences. The story talks about the cruel misfortunes in students lives everyday. It mentions how students are drug addicts, living in fear everyday, gangsters, get abused, and another things people go through. This story takes place in Los Angeles, Ca where Erin Gruwell is going to teach at Wilson High School. She is a new teacher at this school and ready to change these studentsRead MoreTechniques of the Movie Freedom Writers1372 Words   |  6 Pages‘Richard La Gravense’s’ movie ‘Freedom Writer’ is based on a true story of a teacher and one hundred and fifty students of Woodro Wilson High School. This story is taken by the Eva’s diary, a true story of a girl, who suffers a lot in her life because of the racial riot. In the movie all the students are affected by the gang violence and racial tension i n their life. This movie shows the effort of the teacher, who reconciles all the student in-spite of big racial wall. To erase the gap between theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Freedom Writers 1070 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction ‘Freedom Writers’ is an American film, directed by Richard Granvense and based on a true story, which is dedicated and idealistic teacher Erin Gruwell. Mrs Gruwell inspires and teaches her class of belligerent and aggressive students that there are a positivity and hope for a life outside rather than gang violence and death. This is because students were divided into groups based on race, believed that they had no future and convinced that they had nothing to learn from other racesRead MoreFreedom Writers Movie Review Essay707 Words   |  3 PagesMarch 2013 Replacing Buses with Notebooks: Freedom Writers worth Admission Price At first glance, Freedom Writers seems like an overdone clichà © and knowing that it was produced by MTV does not help. The film is about kind-hearted, strong-willed teacher who signs up to teach a class of hardened gang members, drug dealers, and the like. After watching Freedom Writers you realize that it was worth the $6 admission. The positive, uplifting messages andRead MoreThe Movie Freedom Writers : Erin Gruwell Essay850 Words   |  4 PagesSummary The movie Freedom Writers is about Erin Gruwell who is starting her first year as an English teacher at Woodrow Wilson High School. This school is racially divided with many gangs and violence erupting at any time. Ms. Gruwell was the students main subject of hate too. After having a discussion with her students about what they were feeling about their lives and situations, she took the responsibility of educating the students no matter what the cost was. She would eventually get throughRead MoreHistorical, Social and Political Issues in the Movie Freedom Writers998 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical, Social and Political Issues in the movie FREEDOM WRITERS The thorough presentation of a well researched context in the film provided the environment for priming the viewers on the concept of belonging which was highlighted in the film. This grounded the film and prepared the viewers on the film’s main focus. Through the brief but meaningful snippets of what happened during the trial of Rodney King, the viewers were introduced to the conflict used in the film that surfaced and distinctlyRead MoreMy Favorite Movie That I Have Chosen For This Report Is Called Freedom Writers862 Words   |  4 PagesMy favorite movie that I have chosen for this report is called Freedom Writers. This movie takes place in the year 1994 at a school in Long Beach, California where a school is racially divided. At this school, there is a dedicated woman with idealistic views called Mrs. Erin Gruwell that is starting her first teaching job as a freshman and sophomore English teacher. Her first class that she has is a class of â€Å"at-risk† student s deemed incapable of learning and/or obeying. Mrs. Gruwell has a roughRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Mudies Peom My Father Began as a God and the Movie Freedom Writers984 Words   |  4 Pagescomposer writes â€Å"strangest of all†. 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The Freedom Writers is an excellent film that makes the viewer an alyze the

Deception Point Page 89 Free Essays

Gabrielle knew Sexton was eagerly awaiting her arrival for a complete rundown on the PODS situation. Unfortunately, she also now realized that Sexton had deftly manipulated her tonight. Gabrielle Ashe did not like being managed. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Point Page 89 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The senator had kept things from her tonight. The question was how much. The answers, she knew, lay inside his office-just on the other side of this restroom wall. â€Å"Five minutes,† Gabrielle said aloud, mustering her resolve. Moving toward the bathroom’s supply closet, she reached up and ran a hand over the door frame. A key clattered to the floor. The cleaning crews at Philip A. Hart were federal employees and seemed to evaporate every time there was a strike of any sort, leaving this bathroom without toilet paper and tampons for weeks at a time. The women of Sexton’s office, tired of being caught with their pants down, had taken matters into their own hands and secured a supply room key for â€Å"emergencies.† Tonight qualifies, she thought. She opened the closet. The interior was cramped, packed with cleansers, mops, and shelves of paper supplies. A month ago, Gabrielle had been searching for paper towels when she’d made an unusual discovery. Unable to reach the paper off the top shelf, she’d used the end of a broom to coax a roll to fall. In the process, she’d knocked out a ceiling tile. When she climbed up to replace the tile, she was surprised to hear Senator Sexton’s voice. Crystal clear. From the echo, she realized the senator was talking to himself while in his office’s private bathroom, which apparently was separated from this supply closet by nothing more than removable, fiberboard ceiling tiles. Now, back in the closet tonight for far more than toilet paper, Gabrielle kicked off her shoes, climbed up the shelves, popped out the fiberboard ceiling tile, and pulled herself up. So much for national security, she thought, wondering how many state and federal laws she was about to break. Lowering herself through the ceiling of Sexton’s private restroom, Gabrielle placed her stockinged feet on his cold, porcelain sink and then dropped to the floor. Holding her breath, she exited into Sexton’s private office. His oriental carpets felt soft and warm. 107 Thirty miles away, a black Kiowa gunship chopper tore over the scrub pine treetops of northern Delaware. Delta-One checked the coordinates locked in the auto navigation system. Although Rachel’s shipboard transmission device and Pickering’s cellphone were encrypted to protect the contents of their communication, intercepting content had not been the goal when the Delta Force pulse-snitched Rachel’s call from sea. Intercepting the caller’s position had been the goal. Global Positioning Systems and computerized triangulation made pinpointing transmission coordinates a significantly easier task than decrypting the actual content of the call. Delta-One was always amused to think that most cellphone users had no idea that every time they made a call, a government listening post, if so inclined, could detect their position to within ten feet anywhere on earth-a small hitch the cellphone companies failed to advertise. Tonight, once the Delta Force had gained access to the reception frequencies of William Pickering’s cellular phone, they could easily trace the coordinates of his incoming calls. Flying now on a direct course toward their target, Delta-One closed to within twenty miles. â€Å"Umbrella primed?† he asked, turning to Delta-Two, who was manning the radar and weapons system. â€Å"Affirmative. Awaiting five-mile range.† Five miles, Delta-One thought. He had to fly this bird well within his target’s radar scopes to get within range to use the Kiowa’s weapons systems. He had little doubt that someone onboard the Goya was nervously watching the skies, and because the Delta Force’s current task was to eliminate the target without giving them a chance to radio for help, Delta-One now had to advance on his prey without alarming them. At fifteen miles out, still safely out of radar range, Delta-One abruptly turned the Kiowa thirty-five degrees off course to the west. He climbed to three thousand feet-small airplane range-and adjusted his speed to 110 knots. On the deck of the Goya, the Coast Guard helicopter’s radar scope beeped once as a new contact entered the ten-mile perimeter. The pilot sat up, studying the screen. The contact appeared to be a small cargo plane headed west up the coast. Probably for Newark. Although this plane’s current trajectory would bring it within four miles of the Goya, the flight path obviously was a matter of chance. Nonetheless, being vigilant, the Coast Guard pilot watched the blinking dot trace a slow-moving 110-knot line across the right side of his scope. At its closest point, the plane was about four miles west. As expected, the plane kept moving-heading away from them now. 4.1 miles. 4.2 miles. The pilot exhaled, relaxing. And then the strangest thing happened. â€Å"Umbrella now engaged,† Delta-Two called out, giving the thumbs-up from his weapons control seat on the port side of the Kiowa gunship. â€Å"Barrage, modulated noise, and cover pulse are all activated and locked.† Delta-One took his cue and banked hard to the right, putting the craft on a direct course with the Goya. This maneuver would be invisible to the ship’s radar. â€Å"Sure beats bales of tinfoil!† Delta-Two called out. Delta-One agreed. Radar jamming had been invented in WWII when a savvy British airman began throwing bales of hay wrapped in tinfoil out of his plane while on bombing runs. The Germans’ radar spotted so many reflective contacts they had no idea what to shoot. The techniques had been improved on substantially since then. The Kiowa’s onboard â€Å"umbrella† radar-jamming system was one of the military’s most deadly electronic combat weapons. By broadcasting an umbrella of background noise into the atmosphere above a given set of surface coordinates, the Kiowa could erase the eyes, ears, and voice of their target. Moments ago, all radar screens aboard the Goya had most certainly gone blank. By the time the crew realized they needed to call for help, they would be unable to transmit. On a ship, all communications were radio-or microwave-based-no solid phone lines. If the Kiowa got close enough, all of the Goya’s communications systems would stop functioning, their carrier signals blotted out by the invisible cloud of thermal noise broadcast in front of the Kiowa like a blinding headlight. Perfect isolation, Delta-One thought. They have no defenses. Their targets had made a fortunate and cunning escape from the Milne Ice Shelf, but it would not be repeated. In choosing to leave shore, Rachel Sexton and Michael Tolland had chosen poorly. It would be the last bad decision they ever made. Inside the White House, Zach Herney felt dazed as he sat up in bed holding the telephone receiver. â€Å"Now? Ekstrom wants to speak to me now?† Herney squinted again at the bedside clock. 3:17 A.M. â€Å"Yes, Mr. President,† the communications officer said. â€Å"He says it’s an emergency.† 108 While Corky and Xavia huddled over the electron microprobe measuring the zirconium content in the chondrules, Rachel followed Tolland across the lab into an adjoining room. Here Tolland turned on another computer. Apparently the oceanographer had one more thing he wanted to check. As the computer powered up, Tolland turned to Rachel, his mouth poised as if he wanted to say something. He paused. â€Å"What is it?† Rachel asked, surprised how physically drawn to him she felt, even in the midst of all this chaos. She wished she could block it all out and be with him-just for a minute. â€Å"I owe you an apology,† Tolland said, looking remorseful. â€Å"For what?† â€Å"On the deck? The hammerheads? I was excited. Sometimes I forget how frightening the ocean can be to a lot of people.† How to cite Deception Point Page 89, Essay examples

Malice in Law of Torts free essay sample

There can be little doubt that this complaint was justified. Despite the well-known division and discussion by Bayley J. of â€Å" malice in fact † and â€Å" malice in law,† ’ which can be taken as the starting point of modern analysis of malice, other judges have not hesitated to enlarge upon the possible meanings of malice, until it seems that there must be judicial authority for any or almost any meaning that a writer wishes to attribute to the word. However, these various interpretations can be grouped under four main headings: (1) spite or ill-will; (2) any improper motive; (8) the intent to do a wrongful act; (4) the intent to inflict injury without just cause or excuse. It is quite clear that in this sense the word is being used colloquially, not as a term of art. â€Å"Malice in common acceptance,† said Parker C. J. in 1718’ â€Å"is a desire of revenge or settled anger against a particular person. We will write a custom essay sample on Malice in Law of Torts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † A hundred years later, in a famous passage in Bromage v. Prosser, Bayley J. called this ‘‘ malice in fact † and said it meant â€Å"ill-will against a person. The effect of later authorities was summed up by McCardie J. ’s expression â€Å" vindictive feeling. † When used in this sense, therefore, malice involved the desire to satisfy a personal grudge and thereby to benefit the person who acted from malice. But the older idea of vengeance, which as just seen involved at least emotional benefit to the malicious person, tended in the latter part of the nineteenth century to become absorbed in a broader notion of any motive which was regarded as undesirable by the courts of approval and encouragement. As a result, â€Å"malice † came to mean any improper motive. This is the description of malice as the intent to inflict injury without just cause or excuse. Parker C. J. in Jones v. Givin said nothing about intention, but did say that malice as a term of law always excluded a just cause. It was Bayley J. 17 who introduced the notion of intention when he called malice in law â€Å" a wrongful act done intentionally without just cause or excuse,† a phrase which as we shall see bristles with problems. But the language of Bayley J. was repeated or echoed throughout the nineteenth century la and still seems to be favoured by the courts. Thus in Re N o h in 1858 malice was described as â€Å" where a party in full possession of his faculties . . . chooses to commit injuries upon another without reasonable cause. † The use of the word â€Å"reasonable† is an interesting variant, although sometimes it has been said that malice and lack of reasonable cause are the same thing. But this must be a proposition of doubtful validity, at least in respect of the tort of malicious prosecution if nowhere else, though it can be said that lack of reasonable cause for a prosecution may well evidence malice. However the statement in Re Nolan illustrates how flexible the idea of malice in law became after Bayley J. However, his words were not forgotten, nor were those of Parker C. J. Collins M. R. in Read’s casea0 said that the action of the defendant in inducing a breach of contract by a combination to coerce X into dismissing the plaintiff because he was not a member of the defendant’s society was malicious or, he went on, â€Å" if the phrase be preferred ‘ without just cause or excuse ). † Later in his judgment he talked of â€Å"what might in given circumstances be ‘ just cause’ or in other words sutiice to negate malice. More recently, in Jones v. Motor Surveys Ltd. ,’l Roxburgh J. referred to malice as the â€Å"wilful and intentional doing of damage without just cause or excuse †; , and in 1955 the Court of Appeal 22 quoted with approval the words of Bayley J. and went on to say that ‘‘ intentionally † in Bayley J. ’s definition referred to the doing of the act; it did not mean that the defendant meant to be spiteful, though sometimes, as for instance to rebut a plea of privilege in defamation, malice in fact had to be proved.

Melting Pot By Dudley Randall Essays - Literary Criticism

Melting Pot By Dudley Randall Explication of Dudley Randall's "The Melting Pot" An explication is an interpretation of a written work. They differ from person to person in that we all don't interpret things alike. It seems to me that we learned in high school about literature and such was a waste of memorizing and testing because we were taught only "right" answers about written works. There is no right way to interpret an author's work. What they do is leave doors open to make you think about their work. Even a songwriter does the same thing. Songs can be even more difficult to interpret than a poem or story because the first that thing usually attracts us to a song is the music and that is what we concentrate on mostly. Then a question comes about in my mind that why there has to be any answers or meaning to a work. Why can't I just enjoy a poem for the way it sounds when it is read aloud? Why can't I just enjoy a song for the way the words are put together and enjoy the music? It can be fun sometimes to analyze a work and pick out things like wonderful metaphors. I can see where that comes in to literature. What I hate is when I read a really great story and I enjoy it and then I go to class and get hounded for answers and I give them and they're not right because I felt different about a story than someone else. Well, anyway, I'm going to do the best explication I can of Dudley Randall's "The Melting Pot" on page 693. Bartorillo 2 "The Melting Pot" seems to be about anyone and everyone being accepted as Americans except Blacks. The second set of four lines is kind of funny because it gives you several names that sound un-American and when they come to be an American they lose that and use a more American version of their name. Even when people came through Ellis Island they usually took a different name or made theirs shorter to be more American. The next four lines read about a Black man who is unaccepted as an American even though he's been there waiting for it. The poem seems to say that no matter where you're from if you're white you can become a white American no matter what country you're from. It seems to say that we're divided into Whites and Blacks regardless of nationalities. The end of the poem is where Blacks decide that they're going to be who they are and be proud of it and they don't care about being accepted or not. So that was my own interpretation of a poem. Someone else might have another idea about it but that is perfectly okay because our minds work in all different ways.

Mary kate and ashley essays

Mary kate and ashley essays As part of the American dream, everyone aspires to be prosperous. Despite the struggles along the way people still want to be rich for anything. For some people, making a lot of money comes easy to them than others. However, for Mary-Kate and Ashley Olson, that would be an understatement. Mary-Kate and Ashley were born June 13, 1986 in Sherman Oakes, California to David and Jarnette Olson. They began their acting career in 1987 when they were chosen to play the role of Michelle Tanner on the television series, Full House. The show became a hit with books, dolls, and other merchandise being sold to promote it. During the years the show was on the air, they had a TVQ, popularity rating, second only to Bill Cosby. The twins continued to share the role through the shows end in 1995. During the years of Full House they teamed up with Robert Thorne and created Dualstar, their production company. After various TV movies, big screen movies and TV series shows, the twins became the youngest producers in history at age 6. They also have a magazine and clothing line. By the time they were 10, they became the youngest self-made millionaires in American history. On their 17th birthday, the USs CNN announced not only their birthday, but also the twins financial worth, which is $150,000,000 for each. They are predicted that they may be billionaires by the time their 21. Not only are they millionaires, but theyre also gorgeous. They happen to be number 61 in the 100 sexiest women alive. These fraternal twins who look like identical twins, have built their own empire over the last 18 years. These twins have done everything you can possibly imagine involving entertainment; TV shows, movies, sing-a-longs, dances, plus make up, clothes, fragrance and a magazine. Therefore, Mary-Kate and Ashley have built their own name for them. Still extremely successful and earning more and more money th...

Bisphenol-A Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bisphenol-A - Research Paper Example Numerous studies have proven that bisphenol A can disrupt the hormonal system of animals and humans. Other structural and physiological effects were noted in dysfunctions of sexuality, disrupts reproduction, triggering diabetes and respiratory illnesses, affecting mental abilities, behavior, encourages aggression and hampers learning outcomes. Other studies however are subject of controversial debates. Bisphenol – A 3 Introduction A review of greater than eighty (80) bio-monitoring investigations from nine (9) nations suggests exposure to industrial chemical, bisphenol A or BPA and this issue is ubiquitous in people from all over the world (Vandenberg, et al, 2010). Bisphenol-A (BPA) is one of the top produced volume of chemicals worldwide (Vandenberg, Maffini, Sonnenschein, Rubin and Soto, 2009) with around 3.8 million tonnes production in 2006 and corresponds up to 100,000 40-tonne HGVs. The largest share of this chemical is further processed in Europe area in a form of poly carbonates and epoxy resins, with over 6 billion pounds generated each year and over 100 tons discharged into the atmosphere by annual production. BPA, the building block of polycarbonate plastic (PasticEurope, 2009), is also one of the first synthetic substances that was known and has similar mode of action to that of the sex hormone of females known as estrogen. (Doods, 1936). Nevertheless, the said substance did not become successful in medical therapy since diethylstilbestrol (DES), a more potent synthetic estrogen was discovered (Doods, 1938). Years after, Bisphenol A became an industrial chemical, and exist in several everyday products, however, research reports found out that it can affect human hormone system, which presently have been the subject of dispute. Polycarbonate containers used as reusable food containers, some paper and cardboard, polyvinyl chloride and others have been examined for BPA content. Also, residual BPA were examined leaching from the epoxy resins lini ng cans all throughout specific foods including vegetables, canned pet foods, and fish.(Vandenberg, Maffini, Sonnenschein, Rubin and Soto, Bisphenol – A 4 2009), The experts added that canned infant formula and others were found to contain BPA which may have leach from the epoxy resin. Moreover, it is very alarming to find out that in blood serum samples, median levels of unconju ­gated BPA (biologically active) were higher compared to the levels predicted by toxicokinetic models, which form the basis of United States regulations for the said compound, arriving at the range that has been presented to cause adverse effects in animals (Environmental Health Perspectives, 2010). Objectives This paper is directed to highlight controversies over bisphenol A, a ubiquitous chemical produced from polyvinyl chloride plastics, polycarbonate and epoxy resins. It also presents relevant information regarding threats, health risks and interventions involved in the contamination process du ring the past decade and until recently. Literature Review Bisphenol A is a chemical substance, found mostly in very common products such as CDs, DVDs, plastic bowls, drinking bottles and containers for food water boilers, mobile telephones, motorcycle helmets, roof coverings, computer housings water boiler, safety glass (glassy polymers), Car parts (transparent plastic parts),

I have a dream arthin luther king Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I have a dream arthin luther king - Essay Example Martin Luther King delivered in his speech that African Americans should focus on oneness of people and do what they could in order to bring sanity within their lives as well as others. Martin Luther King’s speech remains relevant even to this day, even fifty years after he delivered it. It is because his speech outlined the fundamental need that the African Americans faced and still are going through in this day and age. His speech remains relevant because the present day America has more racism prevalent within it than ever before and there is a greater need to understand the American Dream that he spoke about (Author Unknown 1963). Martin Luther King was right when he suggested that African Americans must plan for their own selves what kind of lives they want, and then go about having it with ease and inner satisfaction. His speech therefore serves as the catalyst of a better change for the people of

Bacterial Vector: Delivery of Plasmid Mediated DNA Vaccine

Bacterial Vector: Delivery of Plasmid Mediated DNA Vaccine Abstract / Introduction: The United Nations recently estimated that the worlds population has exceeded seven billion people. It is projected that approximately 16% of this population rely on fish as a principal source of the protein obtained from animals [1]. However, many wild stocks of fish have begun to collapse due to destructive overfishing and damage caused to aquatic ecosystems by climate change. Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic species under environmentally managed conditions and is increasingly used throughout the world as a major food production method, providing approximately half of the fish consumed globally [3]. Sustainable aquaculture will play an important role in meeting the food requirements of a growing population while reducing the impact commercial fishing plays on overexploited and endangered species. Of critical importance when raising aquatic organisms under densely populated conditions is disease prevention. In an aquaculture setting with large populations of fish in close quart ers, bacterial and viral pathogens can spread rapidly partially due to the efficacy of transmission in water [4]. Therefore, an important consideration in moving towards sustainable aquaculture is effective and efficient prophylactic methods for preventing infection. Reduction of labour and material costs is of major concern in aquaculture disease management, therefore manual vaccination methods, such as intramuscular injection, are not considered viable in this regard. Salmon are a fish species of major commercial aquaculture relevance and as such, disease prevention in these farming scenarios is of substantial economic and environmental concern [5, 6]. One disease of relevance to farmed salmon species is the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a.k.a. Chinook salmon disease. It is a rhabdovirus whose genome encodes a glycoprotein, which presents as a viral antigen [7, 8], and is a pathogen that causes deadly disease in many salmonid species of fish. Since its discovery in the 1950s, IHNV has spread throughout North America, as well as to Asian and European countries. It causes necrosis and hemorrhage within infected fish, commonly in the kidney and spleen, and induces high mortality in young fry [9]. It can be particularly devastating in the densely populated aquaculture setting. Given the environmental sustainability and economic importance of commercially farmed salmon globally, it is therefore of importance to develop practical cost- effective methods for vaccinating large populations of fish against diseases such as IHNV. Gene based vaccines have been shown to be able to deliver plasmid-encoded DNA (pDNA) to fish cell cultures in vitro [10]. The protein produced inside the animal cell is treated as a foreign antigen, and can cause a protective immune response against a pathogen such as a bacteria or virus. Objectives / Methodology: The aims of this proposed research program are several fold. The objectives are to develop and test an appropriate bacterial vector for the delivery of a plasmid mediated DNA vaccine in an aquaculture environment. This vector will be assessed using molecular methods for efficacy within a suitable in vitro model system to examine the ability to deliver an immunologically relevant product of interest. This system will then be evaluated for effectiveness against pathogenic challenge within an appropriate in vivo model system. The hypothesis driving this proposal is that an engineered bacterial vector can effectively deliver a plasmid mediated gene vaccine within salmonid, and protect against a lethal challenge of a species and commercially relevant pathogen. Previous studies suggest that this is a worthwhile and meaningful pursuit in the global aquaculture context [11, 12]. Effective DNA vaccines against IHNV have previously been developed, however these types of vaccines have been hist orically delivered by intramuscular injection [11]. Several alternative methods of DNA vaccine delivery have been explored for including liposomes and ultrasound [13]. Though these methods present issues such as training, equipment costs, and sub-optimal vaccine delivery. An ideal scenario in an aquaculture context would involve a relatively inexpensive delivery vector (e.g. bacteria) carrying a vaccine, which can be easily dosed directly into the environment and induce a protective immunity within the population. The concept of using attenuated bacteria as DNA delivery vectors has been explored for some time [14, 15]. In prior studies, Escherichia coli have been shown to be capable of successfully acting as DNA delivery vectors to mammalian cells in vitro [12, 16]. For aquaculture settings, employing pathogens of human concern, even if attenuated, have regulatory and health concerns. For this reason delivery vectors such as E. coli are not ideal. In this study, an attenuated version of the salmonid pathogen Yersinia ruckeri, the cause of enteric redmouth disease (ERD) will be utilized. The rationale for using this attenuated vector is that it is a naturally occurring fish pathogen, in addition, it is not of human health concern. Furthermore, there is potential that the vector itself may induce immunity against ERD acting as a bivalent vaccine. Previous reports using attenuated bacteria as a vector for gene delivery indicate that release of pDNA is enhanced by death of the bacteria inside the host cell [17]. One strategy to achieve intracellular rupture of the vector is through the use of cell wall deficient bacteria. In this proposal, a strain Y. ruckeri lacking the ability to synthesize the cell wall component diaminopimelic acid (DAP) will be exploited. In the absence of an exogenous source of DAP, the bacteria cannot synthesize the peptide cross bridges of the peptidoglycan cell wall and will undergo autolysis during subsequent growth. Two engineered plasmids will be utilized for the proposed studies, one vaccine and one control. The vaccine plasmid will have the full glycoprotein from Y. ruckeri cloned in downstream of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The control plasmid will have firefly luciferase reporter gene also cloned in downstream of a CMV promoter. To summarize these experimental components; bacterial vector strain ÃŽ ±, vaccine ÃŽ ² and control ÃŽ ³ plasmids:      Ã‚   ÃŽ ± Y. ruckeri 11.29Δdap Isolated from Chinook salmon, dapA mutant [18] ÃŽ ²pIHNV-G Complete IHNV glycoprotein (G) gene inserted into pcDNA3 (Fig.1), downstream of CMV promoter [19] ÃŽ ³pLUC Firefly luciferase reported inserted into pcDNA3 (Fig.1), downstream of CMV promoter [18] The proposed model of plasmid mediated vaccine delivery in this system is multi-step: Vector harboring plasmid pIHNV-G enters a cell via endocytosis or phagocytosis Facilitated by Δdap, pDNA is liberated in the cytoplasm via bacterial lysis pDNA is transported to the nucleus Encoded antigen is expressed and processed, inducing an immune response In vitro studies: Transformation of bacterial vector with vaccine and control plasmids Competent Y. ruckeri strain11.29Δdap will be transformed with either pIHNV-G or pLUC by electroporation or chemical methods. Successful transformants will be screened by growth on appropriate media agar plates supplemented with ampicillin and DAP. Examination of transfection frequency via flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy For tissue culture experiments, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) embryonic cells (CHSE-214), and normal rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill cells (RTgill-W1) will be employed. These cell lines are relevant to the species and aquaculture context of interest for this research proposal. Both are relatively easy to culture, e.g. not requiring increased [CO2] or temperature. Transformed bacteria (11.29Δdap-pIHNV-G, or 11.29Δdap-pLUC) will be co-incubated with sub-confluent layers of each cell line and transfection frequency / gene delivery with reporter plasmid will be assessed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Quantitative assessment of vector invasiveness by gentamicin protection assay Invasiveness of 11.29Δdap, 11.29Δdap-pIHNV-G, and 11.29Δdap-pLUC will be quantitatively assessed by gentamicin protection assays. Briefly, each cell line will be co-incubated with the vector (11.29Δdap-pIHNV-G, or 11.29Δdap-pLUC) at a multiplicity of infection of ~100 bacteria per tissue culture cell and incubated for 2h. At 24 and 48h post-incubation, cell monolayers will be fixed and analyzed via fluorescence microscopy for luciferase expression. In vivo studies: Routine maintenance of rainbow trout treatment / exposure groups in aquaria Transformed bacterial vector will also used to treat O. mykiss in vivo through dosed aquaculture immersion. Adolescent O. mykiss fry will be maintained at 12 °C in appropriately sized aquaria with filtration and aeration and water quality factors (e.g. pH, NH3, Cl) with daily feeding and 5% water changes. In preparation for treatment, fish will be moved to separate isolated 40L aquaria with filtration with feeling and 25% water changes every two days. The proposed experimental treatment / exposure groups will be as follows: 11.29Δdap 11.29Δdap-pIHNV-G 11.29Δdap-pLUC Intramuscular injection of purified pIHNV-G Intramuscular injection of purified pLUC Intramuscular injection of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  vector, plasmid, or injection (anesthesia only) Exposure of O. mykiss with bacterial vector harboring vaccine or control plasmid For treatment with bacterial vector (with or without pDNA), experimental fish will be transferred from their 40L tank to sterile 4L beakers of water (aerated, 12 °C). Appropriate vector will be dosed into the beaker via serological pipette for a final concentration of approximately 107 cfu ml-1, and fish incubated for 1h [18]. Following treatment, fish will be transferred back to their respective 40L tank and maintained as previously described. Exposure of O. mykiss to purified plasmid or PBS control by intramuscular injection For injection treatments, fish will be transported to beakers of sterile 4L beakers of water (aerated, 12 °C) and an anesthetizing dose of Finquel added. Once visibly anesthetized (attenuated movement and muscle tone, reduced respiration) [20], fish will be treated. A volume of 100ÃŽ ¼L of purified pIHNV-G or pLUC resuspended in PBS, will be intramuscularly injected (1ÃŽ ¼g total plasmid), 100 ÃŽ ¼L PBS, or anesthetized with no injection, Once injected, fresh water will be added and fish were monitored until consciousness is regained, and transferred back to their respective 40L tank and maintained as previously described. Lethal challenge of O. mykiss with pathogenic IHNV and quantifying response to vectors After vector or control treatment (14d), fish remaining from each sample group will be challenged with 5104 pfu ml-1 of pathogenic IHNV [21, 22] for 5h. Mortalities will be recorded daily for 30d after viral challenge. At 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14d post vector treatment, or 3, 5, 7, and 14d post injection, fish will be removed from their respective treatment tanks and euthanized with a lethal dose of Finquel. The spleen and kidneys of each fish will be surgically removed, placed in an RNA stabilization reagent, and stored at -20 °C until processing. Organ samples will be homogenized with zirconia/silica beads in a tissue lysis buffer, RNA purified from the homogenate, and synthesis of cDNA performed. Gene expression of Mx-1, Vig-1, TNF-ÃŽ ±1, TNF-ÃŽ ±2, IFN1 and IFN2 [23] will be measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) relative to housekeeping gene ARP [24], and analyzed by the ΔΔCt method. In previous studies, levels of expression for the genes of interest in thi s proposal have been revealed to be altered in fish exposed to IHNV [19, 23, 25]. Discussion / Impacts: Salmonids, particularly rainbow trout, are globally one of the most scientifically studied and extensively farmed fish [26, 27]. As previously mentioned, aquaculture is utilized worldwide as a major food production method. This necessitates the demand for economically sustainable disease prevention techniques to help preclude economically devastating loss of business due to mortality. This research proposal aims to validate that an attenuated bacterial vector can effectively deliver a plasmid mediated gene based vaccine for IHNV to rainbow trout in vivo, and invoke an immune response that will protect against future exposure to the pathogen. It is postulated that exposure to 11.29Δdap-pIHNV-G will invoke the most significant immune response in treated fish compared to other treatment groups. Furthermore, this treatment will induce the highest level of protection from a subsequent lethal challenge of IHNV. If successful in this regard, an aquaculture based dosing method exploiting plasmid harboring attenuated bacteria would represent a relatively inexpensive and non-labor intensive vaccination method. Further investigating A 16K and 32K cDNA salmonid cDNA microarray have recently been developed and are obtainable through the Genomic Research on Atlantic Salmon Project (GRASP) [28].

Jet Blue Case Analysis Essay

Jetblue set out to provide its customers with a great airlines experience. Neeleman’s goal was to provide customers with â€Å"the types of amenities reserved for the pricier carriers, including wider seats †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and 24 channels of in-flight television† ( Case study pg 400) One of Jetblue and Neeleman’s biggest challenges was to keep offering all these amenities while still competing with the big carriers by keeping their prices 50 to 60 percent lower on the same routes. As they grew and hired more employees they found it harder to maintain the same level of customer service across the board. Also other carriers began to compete with them in the lowprice arena. These bigger airlines had more planes and employees to they were better able to respond to the storm that blanketed New York in 2007. This storm proved to ruin many of Jetblues customer experiences due to the delays and cancellations. Jetblue gave all of their customers refunds and free flights in response to the delays. They were also feeling the effects of the storm longer than their bigger competition since they were understaffed because of pilots being stuck in other states. When the storm hit some flights set on the tarmac for up to ten hours still chancing to be able to leave during the storm. Jetblue could have cancelled these flights earlier and kept customers from having to endure sitting on planes for extended periods of time. If Jetblue had done this then they would have avoided much of the grief they experienced over the next week. Overall Jetblue should have better prepared for the storm by cancelling flights earlier and having extra staff on hand. Whomever was in charge of overall operations should have planned better and is the one who is the most responsible for the lack of preparation. Jet Blue did a great job handling the severe weather in February of 2007. They went above and beyond trying to compensate for the inconvenience and loss of time that their customers endured. They provided $26 million in refunds and vouchers to their passengers stranded in New York. None of the other major airlines offered compensation or even an apology. Even at the companies all time low they did an admirable job offering the JetBlue Experience. Although I commend the way JetBlue handled this difficult situation, there were steps that could have been taken to ease the inconvenience of their passengers. The day before the storm, there were multiple signs of severe weather on the horizon. Snow had already begun to fall and by the early morning the snow became ice pellets and freezing rain. The airline decided to ignore these signs, thus neglecting to warn its passengers of possible delays, resulting in six planes being boarded and ultimately stuck at their gates. Additionally, JetBlue had four incoming planes that should have been directed elsewhere and as a result those planes were unable to reach their terminals because all gates were occupied. If JetBlue would have paid attention to the warning signs and informed their customers, the ten planes and its passengers would have never been stuck at the terminals. The negative consequences JetBlue could face are primarily PR and financial. During the storm in February, the media was constantly covering JetBlue’s â€Å"trapped† customers. Some passengers even went so far as to start a blog called jetblueshostage.com. JetBlue was once known as the leader in service excellence in the airline industry. Now the company is faced with the difficult task of rebuilding its image in the public eye. Directly related to the company’s public image is its stock price. The market lost confidence in JetBlue following the events February of 2007, resulting in the companies stock price falling. In order to get everything back on track the company must first focus on its public image. In order to deal with the unfortunate quagmire the company had found itself in after the snowstorm in the northeast, JetBlue planned to launch a service guarantee known as the â€Å"Customer Bill of Rights† in order to make right what they had wronged. JetBlue announced it would spend $20 to $30 million in effort to appease thousands of stranded customers that were affected. The Bill of Rights works by offering vouchers to customers who experience delayed flights while flying with JetBlue. $25 for flights delayed one to two hours and up to a free round trip ticket for flights delayed up to 6 hours. Will the Customer’s Bill of Rights work in recovering the image JetBlue has tried so hard to create? In my opinion, yes I do think it will. Angry customers who had to deal with the delays on the initial happening will be provided an entire free ticket, and customers who deal with this in the future will be provided with vouchers or tickets as well. What else can an airline company do, errors happen and some may be out of the company’s control. The company must deal with how the error is handled and that is exactly what JetBlue is doing. Several actions and guidelines should be followed by JetBlue in order to insure the companies viability and future success. The launch of the Cutover’s Bill or Rights was a good step in the right direction, but company executives must work closely with their public affairs team to raise its awareness. JetBlue executives must also work with marketing executives to promote the Customer Bill of Rights with large stakeholder groups and already existing customers. JetBlue executives must support this bill of rights 100% in order to restore the company’s image. This means following their promise and actually providing vouchers for every single delayed flight. Customer Bill of Rights should also be leveraged as an advantage in comparison to its competitors. Considering JetBlue was the first to implement such a thing, advertising it as an advantage my pull customers in and keep current customers.

Food for Thought Essay

The well known expression, you are what you eat, is even more true as we get on in years. If we had eaten the food that was good for us in our younger years, the chances of staying healthy longer will improve as we get older. Also, the likelihood of maintaining a high quality of life throughout our senior years increases. Reading nutrition columns in newspapers and magazines or from other media sources is a good way to keep updated of current food and health related discoveries. How can we be able to estimate and gauge the truthfulness of scientific studies about food? Linda Kulman gives us good advice about how to do just that in her article, Food News Can Get You Dizzy, So Know What to Swallow. I believe that for a person to be able to make healthy dietary choices a person needs to be educated as to the credibility of healthy dietary options. Primarily, to achieve and maintain good health, food from all the major food groups should be eaten in proper proportion and regularly. Therefore, no one food is able to maintain good health when eaten alone. For instance, â€Å"No foods are so good that if you ate them to the exclusion of all else, you would be healthy,† says M. R. C. Greenwood, a biologist and chancellor of the University of California-Santa Cruz (Kulman, 2012, p. 141). Making the correct dietary choices was, and continues to be a difficult one. Confusion can turn to frustration when many reports and studies contradict each others findings. Canada’s Food Guide to Healthy Eating will give us the basics on what constitutes a healthy diet. The food guide basically recommends to eat in moderation and to eat a large variety of foods. The flip-flops of nutritional recommendations by the scientific community are causing bewilderment with many people who are trying to achieve and maintain a good healthy diet. Furthermore, the tale of fiber and its claimed shielding effect against colon cancer show how uncertain science can lead to confusion. Fiber helps food go through the digestive track faster, reducing the time carcinogens make contact with your intestinal walls. Studies of high fiber eating population and experiments with mice and rats resulted in giving the fiber hypothesis some credibility. Even though the evidence for higher fiber consumption reducing cancer risk remained uncertain, in 1984 the American Cancer Society made its first specific recommendation to eat fiber to help prevent colon cancer. Researchers with the Nurses Health Study in Boston tracked the diets and health of more than 88,000 American female nurses since 1980 and found that nurses who ate about 30 grams of fiber a day got colorectal cancer just as often as the average American, who consumes just 13 grams (Kulman, 2012, p. 143). Two additional study results showed that eating more fiber does not reduce the risk of getting colon cancer. These studies show that there was no significant difference of colon cancer risk between man and women. Researchers continue to suspect that whole fruits and vegetables as well as whole grains are protective against colon cancer. In conclusion, the fiber story is an example of how reporting results of scientific food studies while the studies are incomplete, can lead to many people becoming discouraged from believing future reported food study findings. Usually the cause of such distortions is the incompatibility between the needs of science and those of the News Media. â€Å"The way a lab finding makes its way to the headlines is like a conveyor belt,† explains the Statistical Assessment Service’s Murray. â€Å"At each step there is a potential distortion. Where science is contingent and unfinished, journalists want something definitive (Kulman, 2012, p. 143). The most frequent complaints about news reports is that they tend to leave out information that would help readers decide how seriously to take a new finding. The News Media should not be the only one to take the blame for the reporting of incorrect information about study findings. Scientist can get very enthusiastic when reporting their findings to the News Media and can easily be misinterpreted as to the significance of their findings. Scientists are often motivated to embellish their claims to get greater attention and more research funding. This is an unfortunately situation for those of us attempting to make an informed choice for a healthy diet.

Memorial Day The Women Behind Its Origins and History

While Veterans Day in November is to honor all those who served their nation in war, Memorial Day is primarily to honor those who died in military service. This all-American holiday has its roots in unexpected places. Commander in Chief John A. Logan of the Grand Army of the Republic issued the 1868 proclamation declaring the first Decoration Day, which was celebrated with a large memorial observance at Arlington National Cemetery, with about five thousand attending.  Those attending placed small flags on the graves of veterans. General Ulysses S. Grant and his wife presided at the ceremony. Logan credited his wife, Mary Logan, with the suggestion for the commemoration. The role of his wife may explain why Grants wife co-presided over the ceremony. But the idea had other roots, as well, going back at least to 1864. A First Memorial Day In 1865, a group of 10,000 freed slaves in South Carolina  along with a few white supporters—teachers and missionaries—marched in honor of Union soldiers, some of whom had been Confederate prisoners, reburied by the freed black Charlestonians. The prisoners  had been buried in a mass grave when they died at the prison. While this ceremony can be called the first Memorial Day, it wasnt repeated, and was soon nearly forgotten. More Direct Root of Todays Celebration The acknowledged and more direct  root of Decoration Day  was the practice of women of decorating the graves of their loved ones who had died in the Civil War. Memorial Day was celebrated on May 30 after 1868.  Then in 1971 the celebration was moved to the last Monday in May, to make a long weekend, though a few states kept to the May 30 date. Decorating Graves In addition to the Charleston march and a long practice of both Union and Confederate supporters decorating the graves of their own, a particular event seems to have been a key inspiration.  On April 25, 1866, in Columbus, Mississippi, a womens group, the Ladies Memorial Association, decorated the graves of both Union and Confederate soldiers. In a nation trying to find a way to move on after a war that split the country, states, communities and even families, this gesture was welcomed as a way to lay the past to rest while honoring those who had fought on either side. The first formal observance seems to have been on May 5, 1866, in Waterloo, New York. President Lyndon Johnson recognized Waterloo as the Birthplace of Memorial Day. On May 30, 1870, General Logan gave an address in honor of the new commemorative holiday. In it he said: This Memorial Day, on which we decorate their graves with the tokens of love and affection, is no idle ceremony with us, to pass away an hour; but it brings back to our minds in all their vividness the fearful conflicts of that terrible war in which they fell as victims.... Let us, then, all unite in the solemn feelings of the hour, and tender with our flowers the warmest sympathies of our souls! Let us revive our patriotism and love of country by this act, and strengthen our loyalty by the example of the noble dead around us.... By the late 19th century, with the rise of the Lost Cause ideology in the South, the South was celebrating Confederate Memorial Day.  This separation largely died out in the 20th century, especially with the change in name of the Northern form of the holiday from Decoration Day to Memorial Day, and then the creation of a special Monday holiday for Memorial Day in 1968. Some veterans groups were opposed to the date change to a Monday, arguing that it undermined the real meaning of Memorial Day. Other cities which claim to have been the origin of Decoration Day include Carbondale, Illinois (home of General Logan during the war), Richmond, Virginia, and Macon, Georgia. Official Birthplace Declared Despite the other claims, Waterloo, New York, got the title of birthplace of Memorial Day for a May 5, 1966, ceremony for local veterans.  Congress and President Lyndon B. Johnson issued the declaration. Poppies for Memorial Day The poem In Flanders Fields commemorated fallen war dead. And it includes a reference to poppies.   But it was not until 1915 that a woman, Moina Michael, wrote her own poem about cherishing the Poppy red, and began encouraging people to wear red poppies for Memorial Day, wearing one herself. Moina Michael is featured on a 3 cent postage stamp in the United States, issued in 1948.